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The Arab lobby in the United States is a collection of formal and informal groups and professional lobbyists paid directly by Arab governments that lobby the public and government of the United States on behalf of Arab interests〔Mark N. Katz,(Viewpoint: Where is the Arab lobby? ) Middle East Times. 〕 and/or on behalf of Arab American rights in the United States.〔(Arab Americans by Helen Samhan ), originally published in the Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia.〕〔Joseph Puder, (The Arab Lobby Can't Buy Support ), The Bulletin, Philadelphia, September 17, 2007.〕 ==Origins== According to Mitchell Bard in an article for the Jewish Virtual Library, Isaiah L. Kenen, the founder of American Zionist Committee for Public Affairs or "AZCPA" (which became American Israel Public Affairs Committee or "AIPAC"), wrote of the Arab lobby's roots in the 1950s "petro-diplomatic complex" that comprised the "oil industry, missionaries, and diplomats." Bard states that in 1951 King Saud of Saudi Arabia asked U.S. diplomats to finance a pro-Arab lobby to counter AZCPA.〔"(The Israeli and Arab Lobbies )", Mitchell Bard, Jewish Virtual Library, published 2006, accessed August 26, 2006.〕 Bard in his book ''The Arab Lobby: The Invisible Alliance That Undermines America's Interests in the Middle East'', states that the approach has not changed since the days of King Saud;〔Bard (2010) p.66-70〕 the basic message, according to Bard, is that the Saudis and the Gulf States have the oil and will supply it to America and its allies on the condition that America keeps the Arab ruling families in power.〔Bard (2010) p.344-37〕 Bard further states that the subsidiary clause is that the Arab oil states will also purchase arms ($100 billion worth over the last 50 years) to keep themselves in power and able to produce oil.〔Ruth Wisse, ("A Tale of Two Lobbies," ), review of Mitchell Bard's ''The Arab Lobby'', Jewish Ideas Daily, September 8, 2010.〕 Bard also alleges "blackmail" . He claims that from time to time the United States criticized the oil states for denying human rights to their own citizens, sponsoring militants who attack Israel, spreading extremist forms of Islam around the world, and supporting terrorism in many countries, but this criticism in rapidly reigned in by threatening to cut off the oil supply.〔 The National Association of Arab-Americans ("NAAA"), founded in 1972, was a political advocacy group whose goals were "to strengthen U.S. relations with Arab countries and to promote an evenhanded American policy based on justice and peace for all parties in the Middle East."〔(CafeArabica.com page on NAAA. ) 〕 In the early 1970s there was growing anti-Arab sentiment related to the Arab-Israeli conflict and the 1973 oil embargo, leading to government investigations, executive orders, and legislative provisions to combat terrorism. These especially impacted on Arab American rights and activism. The response was the creation of groups like the (Association of Arab-American University Graduates ), the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee and the Arab American Institute.〔 According to Michael Lewis, Director of Policy Analysis for the American Israel Public Affairs Committee, for many years these groups worked together on the Palestinian issue, including through newspaper, direct mail and advertising campaigns against U.S. loan guarantees to Israel and states' purchase of Israel bonds, condemnation of Israeli human rights and calls for the U.S. government to pressure Israel, as well pro-Palestinian protests and letter-writing campaigns. Lewis states that they also offered testimony to congress and criticized Israel's congressional and organizational supporters, sought to pass pro-Palestinian resolutions in state and national party platforms; offering pro-Palestinian testimony before Congress and attempted to sue Israel in U.S. courts. According to Lewis after the Palestine Liberation Organization had reached an agreement with Israel, there was some division among the groups, however they continue to lobby for Palestinians.〔Michael Lewis, (Israel's American Detractors - Back Again ), Middle East Quarterly, December 1997.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Arab lobby in the United States」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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